Hamid Karzai

His Excellency  Hamid Karzai Ḥāmid Karzay حامد کرزی
Karzai at the Munich Conference on Security Policy. (8 February 2009)
President of Afghanistan
Incumbent
Assumed office  7 December 2004 Acting: 22 December 2001 – 7 December 2004
Vice President	Ahmad Zia Massoud Mohammed Fahim
Preceded by	Burhanuddin Rabbani
Born	24 December 1957 (1957-12-24) (age 53) Karz, Afghanistan[1]
Political party	Independent
Spouse(s)	Zeenat Quraishi (1999–present)
Alma mater	Himachal Pradesh University
Profession	Political scientist
Religion	Sunni Islam

Hamid Karzai, GCMG (Ḥāmid Karzay; born 24 December 1957) is the 12th and current President of Afghanistan, taking office on 7 December 2004. He became a dominant political figure after the removal of the Taliban government in late 2001. During the International Conference on Afghanistan in Bonn, Germany, on 5 December 2001, Karzai was selected by prominent Afghan political figures to serve a six month term as Chairman of the Transitional Administration.

He was then chosen for a two years term as the Interim President during the 2002 Loya Jirga in Kabul, Afghanistan. After the 2004 presidential election, Karzai won and became President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. He again won the 2009 presidential election after his opponent withdrew from the run-off race.^[2]

Early years and personal life

Hamid Karzai, an ethnic Pashtun of the Popalzai tribe, was born in the village of Karz,^[1] which is located on the edge of Kandahar City in southern Afghanistan. His grandfather, Khair Mohammad Khan, had served in the 1919 Afghanistan’s war of independence and as the Deputy Speaker of the Senate. Karzai's family were strong supporters of the former Afghan King, Zahir Shah. His uncle, Habibullah Karzai, served as representative of Afghanistan at the United Nations and is said to have accompanied Zahir Shah in the course of the King's state visit to the United States for a special meeting with U.S. President John F. Kennedy.^[3] His father, Abdul Ahad Karzai, served as the Deputy Speaker of the Parliament during the 1960s. Hamid Karzai attended Mahmood Hotaki Elementary School in Kandahar and Sayed Jamaluddin Afghan School in Kabul. He graduated from Habibia High School in 1976.^[4]

From 1979 to 1983, Karzai took a postgraduate course in political science at Himachal Pradesh University in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India. After obtaining his Master’s degree he returned to work as a fund-raiser by supporting anti-Soviet Mujahideen in Afghanistan from his tribe's base in Pakistan during the Soviet intervention for the rest of the 1980s. When Najibullah's Soviet-backed government fell in 1992, Karzai served as Deputy Foreign Minister in the government of Burhanuddin Rabbani.

Karzai is well versed in several languages, including his native mother-tongue Pashto, as well as Dari (Persian), Urdu, Hindi, English and French.^[5] He is often seen wearing a Karakul hat, something that has been worn by many Afghan kings in the past.^[6][7][8][9]

Family

In 1999, Hamid Karzai married Zeenat Quraishi, an obstetrician by profession who was working as a doctor with Afghan refugees living in Pakistan. They have a son, Mirwais, who was born in 2007.^[10] According to a declaration of his assets by an anti-graft body, Karzai earns $525 monthly and has less than $20,000 in bank accounts.^[11] Karzai does not own any land or property.^[12]

Karzai has six brothers, including Mahmoud Karzai and Quayum Karzai, who are both Afghan American restaurant owners in the Baltimore–Washington Metropolitan Area of the United States, as well as Ahmed Wali Karzai who is the representative for the southern Afghanistan region. Quayum is also the founder of the Afghans for a Civil Society in Maryland. Karzai has one sister, Fauzia Karzai, who is the manager of Helmand restaurant in Cambridge, Massachusetts.^[13] The family owns and operates several successful Afghan restaurants in the East Coast of the United States as well as in Chicago.

Tribal lineage

In initial biographical news reporting, there was confusion regarding his clan lineage; it was written that his paternal lineage derived from the Sadozai clan.^[14] This confusion might have arisen from sources stating he was chosen as the head, or [[Khan of the Popalzai.^[15] Traditionally, the Popalzai tribe has been led by members of the Sadozais.^[16] The first King of Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Durrani, was the leader of the Sadozais, and the Sadozai lineage continued to rule Afghanistan until 1826 when the Barakzais ascended to the throne.

Karzai is believed to be from the Shamizai subtribe of the Popalzais.^[16] His grandfather, Khair Muhammad Karzai, was head of the Popalzai tribe from Kandahar who relocated to Kabul and ran the business of a guest house. This allowed Karzai's father Abdul Ahad, to gain a foothold in the royal family, and subsequently, the parliament. These actions and upwards movement within the Popalzai tribal system, led to the Karzai family furnishing a viable Shamizai clan alternative to Sadozai leadership in the aftermath of the Soviet invasion when the Sadozai clan failed to provide a tribal leader.^[16][17]

Soviet war in Afghanistan

Karzai was involved in helping to provide financial and military support for the Mujahideen during the 1980s Soviet war in Afghanistan.^[18] The Mujahideen were secretly supplied and funded by the United States, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, and Karzai was a contact for the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) at the time.^[19]

While Karzai's brothers emigrated to the United States,^[18] Hamid Karzai remained in Pakistan during the Soviet occupation.^[20] He accompanied the first Mujahideen leaders into Kabul in 1992 following the Soviet withdrawal.^[20]

Taliban era

American Special Forces and Hamid Karzai during Operation Enduring Freedom in October 2001.

When the Taliban emerged in the mid 1990s, Karzai, like many other Afghans, supported them, because he saw them as a force that could finally end the violence and corruption in his country. However, he later broke with them and refused to serve as their ambassador to the United Nations, telling friends he felt that the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) was wrongly using them.^[21] Karzai stated that "there were many wonderful people in the Taliban."^[22]

Karzai lived in exile in Quetta, Pakistan, where he worked to reinstate former Afghan King Zahir Shah. On the morning of 14 July 1999, Karzai's father, Abdul Ahad Karzai, was gunned down as he was coming home from a mosque in the city of Quetta. Reports suggest that the Taliban carried out the assassination.^[21] Hamid Karzai worked closely with Ahmad Shah Massoud in 2001 to help gather support for the anti-Taliban movement. In an interview in February 2005, Karzai criticised the role the United States played in empowering the Taliban to take control in Afghanistan.

As the U.S. military was preparing for a confrontation with the Taliban in September 2001, Karzai began urging NATO nations to purge his country of Al-Qaeda. "These Arabs, together with their foreign supporters and the Taliban, destroyed miles and miles of homes and orchards and vineyards," he told BBC, "They have killed Afghans. They have trained their guns on Afghan lives... We want them out."^[21]

Leader of the Afghan nation

Karzai appointed as President of the Afghan Transitional Administration at the July 2002, Loya Jirga in Kabul, Afghanistan.

After the 7 October 2001, Operation Enduring Freedom, Mujahideen loyal to the Northern Alliance and many other groups worked with the much smaller US military present. Together, they overthrew the Taliban and mustered support for a new government in Afghanistan. At the time, Karzai and his group were south, in Quetta, Pakistan, where they began their covert operation. He warned his fighters:

"We might be captured the moment we enter Afghanistan and be killed. We have 60 percent chance of death and 40 percent chance to live and survive. Winning was no consideration. We could not even think of that. We got on two motorbikes. We drove into Afghanistan."^[23]

—Hamid Karzai

In October 2001, Hamid Karzai and his group of fighters survived a US friendly fire missile attack in southern Afghanistan. The group suffered injuries and was treated in the United States; Karzai received injuries to his facial nerves as can sometimes be noticed during his speeches.^[24] On 4 November 2001, American forces flew Karzai out of Afghanistan for protection.^[25]

Karzai speaking before the U.S. Congress in June 2004

In December 2001, political leaders gathered in Germany to agree on new leadership structures. Under the 5 December Bonn Agreement they formed an interim Transitional Administration and named Karzai Chairman of a 29-member governing committee. He was sworn in as leader on 22 December. The Loya Jirga of 13 June 2002, appointed Karzai Interim holder of the new position as President of the Afghan Transitional Administration.^[26] Former members of the Northern Alliance remained extremely influential, most notably Vice President Mohammed Fahim, who also served as the Defense Minister.

Karzai re-enacted the original coronation of Ahmad Shah Durrani at the shrine of Sher-i-Surkh outside of Kandahar where he had leaders of various Afghan tribes, including a descendent of the religious leader that originally chose Ahmad Shah Durrani as key players in this event.^[27] Further evidence that Karzai views himself fulfilling a Durrani monarch's role arise from statements furnished by close allies within his government.^[28] His younger brother, Ahmad Wali Karzai, has made statements to a similar effect.^[29]

After Karzai was installed into power, his actual authority outside the capital city of Kabul was said to be so limited that he was often derided as the "Mayor of Kabul". The situation was particularly delicate since Karzai and his administration have not been equipped either financially or politically to influence reforms outside of the region around the capital city of Kabul. Other areas, particularly the more remote ones, are currently and have historically been under the influence of various local leaders. Karzai has been, to varying degrees of success, attempting to negotiate and form amicable alliances with them for the benefit of Afghanistan as a whole, instead of aggressively fighting them and risking an uprising.

In 2004 he rejected a US proposal to end poppy production in Afghanistan through aerial spraying of chemical herbicides, fearing that it would harm the economic situation of his countrymen. Moreover, Karzai's younger brother, Ahmed Wali Karzai – who partially helped finance Karzai's presidential campaign – was rumored to be involved in narcotic deals.^[30] Karzai said that he has sought in writing a number of times, but failed to obtain, U.S. proof of allegations that Ahmed Wali is involved in illegal drugs.^[31][31]

2004 Presidential candidacy

Inauguration of Hamid Karzai on 7 December 2004, after winning the presidential election.

When Karzai was a candidate in the 9 October 2004 presidential election, he won 21 of the 34 provinces, defeating his 22 opponents and becoming the first democratically elected leader of Afghanistan.

Although his campaigning was limited due to fears of violence, elections passed without significant incident. Following investigation by the UN of alleged voting irregularities, the national election commission on 3 November declared Karzai winner, without runoff, with 55.4% of the vote. This represented 4.3 million of the total 8.1 million votes cast. The election took place safely in spite of a surge of insurgent activity.^[32]

Karzai was officially sworn in as President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on 7 December 2004, at a formal ceremony in Kabul. Many interpreted the ceremony as a symbolically important "new start" for the war-torn nation. Notable guests at the inauguration included the country's former King, Zahir Shah, three former US presidents, and US Vice President Dick Cheney.

First presidency

After winning a democratic mandate in the 2004 election and removing many of the former Northern Alliance warlords from his cabinet, it was thought that Karzai would pursue a more aggressively reformist path in 2005. However, Karzai has proved to be more cautious than was expected.

Ever since Karzai's new administration took over in 2004, the economy of Afghanistan has been growing rapidly for the first time in many years. Government revenue is increasing every year, although it is still heavily dependent on foreign aid.

Karzai with former U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice in June 2006.

On 20 September 2006, Karzai told the United Nations General Assembly that Afghanistan has become the "worst victim" of terrorism.^[33] Karzai said terrorism is "rebounding" in his country, with militants infiltrating the borders to wage attacks on civilians. He stated, "This does not have its seeds alone in Afghanistan. Military action in the country will, therefore, not deliver the shared goal of eliminating terrorism." He demanded assistance from the international community to destroy terrorist sanctuaries inside and outside Afghanistan. "You have to look beyond Afghanistan to the sources of terrorism," he told the UN General Assembly, and "destroy terrorist sanctuaries beyond" the country, dismantle the elaborate networks in the region that recruit, indoctrinate, train, finance, arm, and deploy terrorists. These activities are also robbing thousands of Afghan children of their right to education, and prevent health workers from doing their jobs in Afghanistan. In addition he promised to eliminate opium-poppy cultivation in the country, which helps fuel the ongoing insurgency. He has repeatedly demanded that NATO and U.S.-led coalition forces take more care when conducting military operations in residential areas to avoid civilian casualties which undermine his government's already weak standing in parts of the country.^[34]

During the Karzai administration, public discontent grew about corruption and the civilian casualties in the fight against the Taliban insurgency. In May 2006, riots broke out in Kabul, when after a fatal traffic accident in the town involving a US military convoy security forces opened fire on protesters. During the rush, in Kabul's northern outskirts a truck went out of control and crashed into a dozen vehicles, killing at least one person and injuring six. Angry Afghans then threw stones, smashing windows in the convoy vehicles. Afghan police also opened fire, when they came to the assistance of the US troops. Rioters set two police cars alight. At least seven civilians were killed during the protest and 40 wounded. Thousands of protesters marched through the capital shouting slogans against Karzai and the US. By early afternoon, up to 2,000 protesters had gathered in central Kabul, some marching on parliament and some on the presidential palace. Several hundred more congregated at an intersection near the US embassy. A few dozen people forced their way past a police cordon guarding the road to the US embassy and threw stones at vehicles carrying foreigners into the compound, prompting the occupants to fire into the air before turning back. The unrest left at least seven people dead and 40 injured.^[35]

In a video broadcast on 24 September 2006, Karzai stated that if the money wasted on the Iraq War was actually spent on rebuilding Afghanistan, his country would "be in heaven in less than one year".^[36] In May 2007, after as many as 51 Afghan civilians were killed in a bombing, Karzai asserted that his government "can no longer accept" casualties caused by the US and NATO operations.^[37]

Assassination attempts

• 5 September 2002: An assassination attempt was made on Hamid Karzai in Kandahar City. A gunman wearing the uniform of the new Afghan National Army opened fire, wounding Gul Agha Sherzai (former governor of Kandahar) and an American Special Operations officer. The gunman, one of the President's bodyguards, and a bystander who knocked down the gunman were killed when Karzai's American bodyguards returned fire. Recently, some pictures of the US Navy's DEVGRU responding to the attempt have surfaced. Allegedly one of their members was wounded.

• 16 September 2004: An attempted assassination on Karzai took place when a rocket missed the helicopter he was flying in while en route to Gardez.

• 10 June 2007: The Taliban attempted to assassinate Karzai in Ghazni where Karzai was giving a speech to elders. The Taliban fired approximately 12 rockets, some of which landed 220 yards (200 m) away from the crowd. Karzai was not hurt in the incident and was transported away from the location after finishing his speech.^[38][39][40]

• 27 April 2008: Insurgents, reportedly from the Haqqani network, used automatic weapons and rocket-propelled grenades to attack a military parade that Karzai was attending in Kabul.^[41] Karzai was safe, but at least three people were killed, including a parliamentarian, a ten-year-old girl and a minority leader, and ten injured.^[42][43][44] Others attending the event included government ministers, former warlords, diplomats and the military top brass, all of whom had gathered to mark the 16th anniversary of the fall of the Afghan communist government to the mujahideen.^[45] Responding to the attack during the ceremony, the United Nations said the attackers "have shown their utter disrespect for the history and people of Afghanistan."^[46] Taliban spokesman Zabiullah Mujahid claimed responsibility for the attack, stating, "We fired rockets at the scene of the celebration." He went on to say there were 6 Taliban at the scene and that 3 were killed. "Our aim was not to directly hit someone," Mujahed said when asked if the intention was to kill Karzai. "We just wanted to show to the world that we can attack anywhere we want to".^[46] The ability of the attackers to get so close to Karzai suggested they had inside help. Defense minister Wardak confirmed that a police captain was connected with the group behind the assassination attempt and that an army officer supplied the weapons and ammunition used in the attack.^[47]

Honorary degrees and awards

Karzai receiving a commemorative medallion of the September 11, 2001 tragedy from Jack Kingston. The medallion was forged from steel salvaged from the World Trade Center site.

Over the years Hamid Karzai has become a well recognized figure. He has received a number of awards and honorary degrees from famous government and educational institutions around the world. The following are some of his awards and honoraria.

• A commemorative medallion of the September 11, 2001 tragedy from the United States House of Representatives, presented to him by member of the house Jack Kingston on 29 January 2002.
• An honorary doctorate in literature from Himachal Pradesh University in India, his alma mater, on 7 March 2003.
• In June 2003, Karzai was created an Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George by Queen Elizabeth II.^[48]
• On 4 July 2004, Karzai was awarded the Philadelphia Liberty Medal in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In his acceptance speech, Karzai stated: "Where Liberty dies, evil grows. We Afghans have learned from our historical experiences that liberty does not come easily. We profoundly appreciate the value of liberty...for we have paid for it with our lives. And we will defend liberty with our lives."^[49]
• On 22 May 2005, received an honorary Doctor of Laws Degree from Boston University.^[50]
• On 25 May 2005, received an honorary degree from the Center for Afghan Studies at the University of Nebraska — Omaha.
• On 25 September 2006, received an honorary Doctor of Laws Degree from Georgetown University.

Foreign relations

Karzai with former US President George W. Bush and wife Laura Bush at Camp David on 5 August 2007.

In a 2008 interview, Karzai expressed his feelings towards the United States by stating: "If I am called a puppet because we are grateful to America, then let that be my nickname."^[51] Although many in United States charge that Iran is meddling in Afghanistan's affairs, Karzai believes that Iran is only a friend of Afghanistan, despite Iranian-made arms being found in his country.^[52] In 2007, Karzai contradicted US assessments on Iran's role in Afghanistan by saying that Iran, so far, has been a helper in the reconstruction process.^[53][54][54] On 5 August 2007, Karzai was invited to Camp David in Maryland, USA, for a special meeting with U.S. President George W. Bush. In October 2007, Karzai again rejected Western accusations against Iran, stating, "We have resisted the negative propaganda launched by foreign states against the Islamic Republic, and we stress that aliens' propaganda should not leave a negative impact on the consolidated ties between the two great nations of Iran and Afghanistan."^[55] Karzai added, "The two Iranian and Afghan nations are close to each other due to their bonds and commonalities, they belong to the same house, and they will live alongside each other for good."^[55][56] However, just a year prior Karzai warned that, "Iran, Pakistan, and others are not fooling anyone."

If they don’t stop, the consequences will be ... that the region will suffer with us equally. In the past we have suffered alone; this time everybody will suffer with us.... Any effort to divide Afghanistan ethnically or weaken it will create the same thing in the neighboring countries. All the countries in the neighborhood have the same ethnic groups that we have, so they should know that it is a different ball game this time.^[57]

—Hamid Karzai, 17 February 2006

Karzai with US President Barack Obama and Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari during a US-Afghan-Pakistan Trilateral meeting at the White House in Washington, D.C.

In December 2007, Karzai and his delegates travelled to Islamabad, Pakistan, for a usual meeting with Pervez Musharraf on trade ties and intelligence sharing between the two Islamic states.^[58] Karzai also met and had a 45-minute talk with Benazir Bhutto on the morning of 27 December, hours before her trip to Liaquat National Bagh, where she was assassinated after her speech.^[59] After Mrs Bhutto's death, Karzai called her a brave woman who had a clear vision "for her own country, for Afghanistan, and for the region – a vision of democracy, prosperity, and peace."^[60] In September 2008, Karzai was invited on a special visit to witness the swearing in ceremony of Asif Ali Zardari, who became the new President of Pakistan.^[61] Relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan have improved since Zardari took office. The two nations often make contacts with one another concerning the war on terrorism. Pakistan even allowed NATO forces stationed in Afghanistan to launch attacks on illegal militant groups in Pakistan. This was something strongly opposed by the previous government of Pakistan.

Starting in 2009, the US and a number of western nations attempted to distance themselves from Karzai.^[62] International criticism has centered around the government of Karzai for failing to secure the country from Taliban attacks, systemic governmental corruption, and most recently, widespread claims of electoral fraud in the 2009 Afghan presidential election.^[31][31][63] Karzai staunchly defended the election balloting, stating that some statements criticizing the balloting and vote count were "totally fabricated." He told the media that, "There were instances of fraud, no doubt... There were irregularities... But the election as a whole was good and free and democratic." He further went on to say that, "Afghanistan has its separate problems and we have to handle them as Afghanistan finds it feasible... This country was completely destroyed... Today, we are talking about fighting corruption in Afghanistan, improved legal standards... You see the glass half empty or half full. I see it as half full. Others see it as half empty."^[64]

In June 2010, Karzai travelled to Japan for a five day visit where the two nations discussed a new aid provided by the hosting nation and the untapped mineral resources recently announced. Karzai invited Japanese companies such as Mitsubishi and others to invest in Afghan mining projects.^[65] He told Japanese officials that Japan would be given priority in the bid to explore its resources. He stated, "morally, Afghanistan should give access as a priority to those countries that have helped Afghanistan massively in the past few years."^[66] While in Japan, Karzai also made his first visit to Hiroshima to pray for the atomic bomb victims.^[67] Japan has provided billions of dollars in aid to Afghanistan since the beginning of 2002.

Second presidency

On the eve of the 20 August presidential election, Karzai seemed at once deeply unpopular but also likely to win the majority of the votes. He was blamed by many for the failures that plagued the reconstruction of Afghanistan after the toppling of the Taliban government end 2001, from the widespread corruption and the resurgence of the (neo-)Taliban to the explosion of the poppy trade. His unpopularity and the likelihood of his victory formed an atmosphere with a kind of national demoralization, which could discourage many Afghans from voting and dash hopes for substantial progress after the election.^[68][69][70]

In this second presidential election, Karzai was announced to have received over 50% of the votes. The election was tainted by lack of security, low voter turnout and widespread ballot stuffing, intimidation, and other electoral fraud.^[71]

Two months later Karzai accepted calls for a second round run-off vote, which was scheduled for 7 November 2009.^[72][73] On 2 November 2009, Karzai's run-off opponent, Abdullah Abdullah, withdrew from the race and election officials announced the cancellation of the run-off race. Karzai, the only remaining contender, was declared the winner a short time later.^[74]

Karzai presented his first list of 24 cabinet nominees to the Afghan parliament on 19 December 2009; however, on 2 January 2010, the parliament rejected 17 of these. According to the parliament, most of the nominees were rejected due to having been picked for reasons other than their competency. A member of parliament said that they had been picked largely based on "ethnicity or bribery or money."^[75]

On 16 January 2010, the Afghan parliament rejected 10 of the Karzai's 17 replacement picks for cabinet. MPs complained that Karzai's new choices were either not qualified for their posts or had close connections to Afghan warlords. Despite the second setback, by mid-January Karzai had 14 out of the 24 ministers confirmed, including the most powerful posts at foreign, defense and interior ministries.^[76] Shortly afterwards, the parliament began its winter recess, lasting until 20 February, without waiting for Karzai to select additional names for his cabinet. The move both extended the political uncertainty in the government, as well as dealing Karzai the embarrassment of appearing at the London Conference on Afghanistan with nearly half of his cabinet devoid of leaders.^[77]

Seeking peace

Karzai speaking at a shura to tribal and religious leaders in Kandahar, the core area of Taliban insurgency.

Since late 2001 Karzai has been trying for peace in his country, going as far as pardoning militants that lay down weapons and join the rebuilding process. However, his offers were not accepted by the militant groups. In April 2007, Karzai acknowledged that he spoke to some militants about trying to bring peace in Afghanistan.^[78] He noted that the Afghan militants are always welcome in the country, although foreign insurgents are not.^[79] In September 2007, Karzai again offered talks with militant fighters after a security scare forced him to end a commemoration speech.^[80] Karzai left the event and was taken back to his palace, where he was due to meet visiting Latvian President Valdis Zatlers. After the meeting the pair held a joint news conference, at which Karzai called for talks with his Taliban foes. "We don't have any formal negotiations with the Taliban. They don't have an address. Who do we talk to?" Karzai told reporters. He further stated: "If I can have a place where to send somebody to talk to, an authority that publicly says it is the Taliban authority, I will do it."^[80]

In December 2009 Karzai announced to move ahead with a Loya Jirga (large assembly) to discuss the Taliban insurgency in which the Taliban representatives would be invited to take part in this Jirga.^[81] In January 2010, Karzai set the framework for dialogue with Taliban leaders when he called on the group's leadership to take part in the jirga to initiate peace talks. A Taliban spokesman declined to talk in detail about Karzai's offer and only said the militants would make a decision soon.^[82] In April 2010, Karzai urged Taliban insurgents to lay down their arms and air their grievances while visiting a violent northern province, adding that foreign forces would not leave the country as long as fighting continued.^[83] In July 2010, Karzai approved a plan intended to win over Taliban foot soldiers and low-level commanders.^[84]

Unocal connection

There's been much debate over Karzai's alleged consultant work with Unocal (Union Oil Company of California since acquired by Chevron in 2005). In 2002, when Karzai became the subject of heavy media coverage as one of the front runners to lead Afghanistan, it was reported that he was a former consultant for them.^[85][86][87] Spokesmen for both Unocal and Karzai have denied any such relationship, although Unocal could not speak for all companies involved in the consortium.^[88] The original claim that Karzai worked for Unocal originates from a 6 December 2001 issue of the French newspaper Le Monde,^[88] Barry Lane UNOCAL's manager for public relations states that, "He was never a consultant, never an employee. We've exhaustively searched through all our records."^[89][90] Lane however did say that Zalmay Khalilzad, the U.S. ambassador to Afghanistan, was a Unocal consultant in the mid-1990s.^[91]

See also

• List of current heads of state and government
• List of presidents of Afghanistan
• Politics of Afghanistan
• Afghan Peace Jirga 2010

References

External links

• Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: Office of the President
• The Embassy of Afghanistan: President Hamid Karzai
• Academy of Achievement - Hamid Karzai
• PBS - Profile: Hamid Karzai
• Notable Names Database (NNDB) - Hamid Karzai
• Notable Biographies: Hamid Karzai
• BBC News - Profile: Hamid Karzai
• FOX News - Bio: Hamid Karzai
• TIME - Interview: Talking to Afghan President Karzai
• The Re-election of Hamid Karzai
• America and the Dictators: From Ngo Dinh Diem to Hamid Karzai by Alfred W. McCoy

Heads of state of Afghanistan since 1709 Hotaki Empire Mirwais Hotak · Abdul Aziz Hotak · Mahmud Hotaki · Ashraf Hotaki · Hussain Hotaki Afghan Empire Ahmad Shah Durrani · Timur Shah Durrani · Zaman Shah Durrani · Mahmud Shah Durrani · Shuja Shah Durrani Ali Shah Durrani Kingdom of Afghanistan Dost Mohammad Khan · Sher Ali Khan · Mohammad Afzal Khan · Muhammad Azam Khan · Mohammad Yaqub Khan · Abdur Rahman Khan · Habibullah Khan · Nasrullah Khan · Amanullah Khan · Inayatullah Khan · Habibullah Kalakani · Mohammed Nadir Shah · Mohammed Zahir Shah Republic of Afghanistan Mohammed Daoud Khan Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Nur Muhammad Taraki · Hafizullah Amin · Babrak Karmal · Haji Mohammad Chamkani · Mohammad Najibullah Republic of Afghanistan Mohammad Najibullah · Abdul Rahim Hatef Islamic State of Afghanistan Sibghatullah Mojaddedi · Burhanuddin Rabbani Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan Mohammed Omar Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai Monarchs of Afghanistan · Presidents of Afghanistan